Animals in experiments for finding Covid19 vaccine
Animals in experiments for finding Covid19 vaccine
Antibody-dependent enhancement of disease
They were not excluded this time, even tough immunity response can not be compared. The reason was to observe the destruction of the virus in different organs and ways of immunity response. Model animals used for research were ferrets, macaques, and hamsters. After infection, severe cases show lung injuries.
“Ferrets vaccinated with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine expressing full-length S protein had increased infection and hepatitis follow- ing challenge71,72. Antibodies to S protein were reported to induce acute lung injury in experimentally infected macaques based on histological examination69. By contrast, hamsters vaccinated with recombinant, full-length SARS-CoV S protein were protected against infection despite the ability of antibodies to mediate entry of SARS-CoV into B cells through FcγRII” (Kam, Y.W. et al. 2007).
Justification of using animal models for the development of this particular type of vaccine is non-existing. Scientists will rely on data from a medical trial with humans and not animals. Then why was it such a great necessity to use animals if we have a proper model and all the other help including AI, virtual lab, and previous researches with different coronavirus types?
Thanks to these sacrifices, this was what they found:
“ADE has been reported in some preclinical animal models vaccinated with experimental SARS-CoV vaccines.
High levels of neutralizing antibodies can mediate protection. Defining the titers of neutralizing antibodies that are protective, ensuring that COVID-19 vaccines can achieve these titers, and avoiding waning of antibodies to subneutralizing levels through frequent boosting will be important to minimize the possibility of ADE.”
To avoid “cytokine storm” and strong u=immunity response which will negatively affect the lung, developed strategy for a vaccine design induced both neutralizing antibodies and robust T cell-mediated immunity. “Macrophages treated in vitro with serum from patients with SARS had exaggerated inflammatory cytokine profiles (Lui, L. et al. 2019), (Eroshenko, N. et al. 2020).
Cytokine profiles from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 resemble those in macrophage activation syndrome and are characterized by high levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Merad, M. & Martin, 2020), (Mehta, P. et al. 2020), (Schulert, G. S. & Grom, 2015), (Huang, C. et al. 2020).
The vaccine will include all these efforts, yet…once again we found ourselves in the same trap, searching for answers at the wrong places. Environmentalists are unable to do much, in the world we know, their hands are tied. Facts can be easily avoided. Looking for a variety of immunity responses, scientists will use different animal models each time, forgetting about the initial point where this virus has started.
references: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-00434-6#Glos8
